江西省实施《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》办法
江西省人大常委会
江西省实施《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》办法
(1994年4月16日江西省第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第八次会议通过,1997年6月20日江西省第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十八次会议修正)
第一条为了维护未成年人的合法权益,保护未成年人身心健康,根据《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》,结合本省实际,制定本办法。
第二条本办法适用于本省境内保护未满18周岁的公民。
第三条保护未成年人的合法权益,为未成年人健康成长创造良好的环境和条件是全社会的共同责任。
国家、社会、学校和家庭应帮助未成年人增强自我保护的意识和能力,抵制不良倾向,努力学习,做有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的公民。
第四条各级人民政府负责组织实施《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》和本办法。
县级以上人民政府设立未成年人保护委员会,协调有关部门做好未成年人保护工作。
第五条共产主义青年团、妇女联合会、工会、青年联合会、学生联合会、少年先锋队及其他有关的社会团体,协助各级国家机关做好未成年人保护工作。
城乡基层群众性自治组织应发动和组织居(村)民做好未成年人保护工作。
第六条各级人民政府和有关部门对保护未成年人有显著成绩的组织和个人,给予表彰、奖励。
第七条父母或其他监护人、学校教师应对未成年人加强教育,预防和制止其发生下列行为:
(一)吸烟、酗酒;
(二)出走或流浪;
(三)旷课、逃学、弃学;
(四)赌博、吸毒、卖淫、嫖娼、盗窃;
(五)组织、参与封建迷信活动或非法组织;
(六)辱骂他人、打架斗殴,携带武器、管制刀具等凶器;
(七)毁损文物古迹、公共设施及其他公私财物;
(八)妨碍公共秩序和公共卫生;
(九)阅读、收听、观看有碍身心健康的图书报刊、音像制品、演出;
(十)其他违背社会公德或违纪、违法行为。
第八条禁止对未成年人实施下列行为:
(一)诽谤、侮辱、歧视、虐待、伤害、遗弃;
(二)允许或强迫未成年人订婚、换亲和结婚;
(三)允许或强迫未成年人辍学、当童工或外出乞讨;
(四)教唆、强迫未成年人吸毒、盗窃、行凶,或容留、教唆、强迫未成年人嫖娼、卖淫;
(五)引诱或强迫未成年人进行残忍、恐怖、色情等摧残身心健康的表演;
(六)其他损害未成年人身心健康的行为。
第九条鼓励共产主义青年团、青少年发展基金会建立失学少年基金,帮助因家庭贫困而失学的未成年人复学。
第十条学校、幼儿园、托儿所应对校舍、保教用房和其他教学、保教设施定期进行安全检查;危及人身安全的,必须立即采取措施,确保学生、保教对象的安全。
第十一条学校和教师应严格按照国家教育部门规定的课时组织教学,保证未成年学生必要的文娱、体育、休息和课外活动时间。
第十二条学校应为未成年学生在校学习提供必要的卫生保健条件,教室采光应符合视力卫生标准,课桌椅应按照国家规定的标准配备,向学生提供或出售的食品必须符合食品卫生标准。
第十三条学校和教师不得违反国家规定向学生滥收费用,不得强迫或变相强迫学生购买非课业必需的读物和其他物品,不得体罚或用罚款手段惩罚学生。
第十四条未成年人受违法犯罪分子引诱、胁迫实施违法犯罪行为而无力摆脱时,或未成年人被威胁可能受到伤害时,学校、父母或其他监护人及其他成年人,应立即采取必要的保护性措施,并及时报告公安机关。
第十五条人民政府及公安机关对被拐卖、拐骗、绑架的未成年人应及时解救。
第十六条各级人民政府应将未成年人活动场所和设施的建设项目纳入本行政区域经济和社会发展规划,列入政府财政预算,保证必要的建设资金。
县级以上人民政府应逐步建立和完善青少年宫等多种形式的文化、科学技术、娱乐、体育等活动场所,创造良好的教育环境。
各级人民政府及其有关部门对提供、兴建未成年人的活动场所、设施及提供资金的单位和个人,应予以鼓励和支持,并提供方便。
第十七条各级人民政府及其有关部门应加强社会福利建设,为残疾未成年人提供必要的学习、生活、医疗保健及就业条件。
第十八条各级人民政府及其有关部门应支持和鼓励社会团体开展有利于未成年人健康成长的社会活动,提供必要的活动经费和其他便利条件。
第十九条机关、武装力量、团体、企业事业单位应配合教育部门和学校,为未成年学生参加社会实践提供方便。
第二十条学校、城乡基层群众性自治组织以及劳动改造、收容教养单位,可聘请离休退休干部、工人、军人、知名人士等担任辅导员,对未成年人进行帮助教育。
第二十一条城建、环保、工商行政管理、公安、教育部门应按各自职责,互相配合,制止下列行为:
(一)在学校、幼儿园、托儿所周围违章建筑、门口摆摊设点;
(二)发出超标噪音或排放有毒、有害的废水、废气、废渣,影响学校、幼儿园、托儿所的环境;
(三)在学校、幼儿园、托儿所内赌博、哄闹、寻衅滋事、打架斗殴;
(四)其他妨碍、扰乱学校、幼儿园、托儿所正常秩序的行为。
第二十二条严禁任何组织或个人侵占、毁坏、哄抢学校、幼儿园、托儿所的房屋、设备等财产,或挤占、毁坏未成年人从事文化科学技术、娱乐、体育活动的场所和设施,贪污、挪用建设上述场所、设施的资金。
第二十三条新闻出版、文化、广播电视、公安、工商行政管理部门,对向未成年人出售、出租或以其他方式传播反动、淫秽、暴力、凶杀、封建迷信的图书报刊、音像制品的,应依法从重处罚。
第二十四条下列场所应设置明显的禁入标志,不得允许未成年人进入:
(一)营业性歌舞厅、夜总会、通宵电影院;
(二)放映不适宜未成年人观看的录像、电影的场所;
(三)其他不适宜未成年人活动的场所。
不能判明是否未成年人的,前款所述场所的工作人员,有权要求其出示身份证件;文化、广播电视、公安、工商行政管理部门应加强对上述场所经营活动的监督检查。
第二十五条任何组织和个人不得招用未成年人从事营业性歌舞厅、酒吧、夜总会、通宵电影院的工作。
第二十六条未经未成年人本人或其监护人同意,不得以营利为目的使用未成年人的肖像。
第二十七条严禁任何组织和个人侵占、剽窃未成年人在科学技术、文学艺术以及其他方面的发明权、专利权、著作权等智力成果权。
第二十八条机关、团体、企业事业单位、城乡基层群众性自治组织、未成年人的监护人和其他成年人,应共同做好未成年人违法犯罪的预防和矫治工作。
第二十九条设区的市人民政府、地区行政公署应采取措施,创造条件,逐步建立工读学校。
公安、教育部门应按国家有关规定将有违法或轻微犯罪行为,不宜留在原学校学习的未成年学生送工读学校学习。
第三十条家庭、学校及其他有关单位,公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院、少年犯管教所、劳动教养所应互相配合,共同做好对违法犯罪的未成年人的教育、感化、挽救工作。
第三十一条公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院办理未成年人犯罪案件,应根据未成年人的生理和心理特点,采取适合于未成年人的方式、方法,注重疏导和教育,一般不使用戒具。
第三十二条公安机关、人民检察院应设立专门机构或确定专人办理未成年人犯罪案件。人民法院应组成少年法庭或设立少年刑事审判庭,审理未成年人犯罪案件。律师事务所应指定专人承担未成年人犯罪案件的辩护工作。
第三十三条人民法院审理民事、经济、行政案件,婚姻登记机关办理婚姻登记,应依法保障和维护未成年人的财产权和受抚养权、受教育权等合法权益。
第三十四条人民法院可从当地聘请教育工作者和工会、共产主义青年团、妇女联合会的干部以及少年先锋队的辅导员担任少年法庭特邀陪审员。
第三十五条看守所、收容所、拘留所对审前羁押或行政拘留的未成年人,应与被羁押或拘留的成年人分别看管;暂不具备条件的,应将其与惯犯、累犯或恶习很深的成年人分别看管。
对被判决服刑或被批准送劳动教养的未成年人、成年人应分别关押、管教。
第三十六条少年犯管教所、劳动教养所对正在服刑或接受劳动教养的未成年人,应做好思想教育工作,实行文明管理、教育,组织其参加力所能及的劳动、文化学习和技术培训,为其刑满释放或解除劳动教养后就学、就业创造条件。
禁止以任何理由对正在服刑或接受劳动教养的未成年人实行体罚、虐待或其他摧残身心健康的行为。
第三十七条对人民检察院决定免予起诉或人民法院判处免除刑事处罚、缓刑、管制和假释,以及刑满释放和解除劳动教养的未成年人,有关单位应帮助其就学、就业,做好预防重新违法犯罪工作。
第三十八条未成年人合法权益受到侵害的,被侵害人或其监护人有权向侵权人所在单位及其上级主管部门、公安机关及其他有关部门投诉或要求保护,或依法向人民法院起诉。
第三十九条负有保护职责的部门、单位对举报、投诉侵犯未成年人合法权益的案件应予以受理,不得推诿。
违反前款规定的,由其所在单位或其上级主管部门或行政监察机关给予有关负责人、直接责任人批评教育或行政处分。
第四十条违反本办法第八条、第十条至第十三条、第二十二条规定,视其情节,由其所在单位或其上级主管部门通报批评,并责令其改正;或对直接责任人、有关负责人给予行政处分。
第四十一条父母或其他监护人有抚养能力而拒绝履行抚养义务的,由其所在单位、街道办事处、乡镇人民政府、城乡基层群众性自治组织对其批评教育,责令改正;拒不改正的,由其所在单位在其收入中代扣抚养费。
第四十二条实施本办法第二十一条规定所制止的行为的,分别由城建、环保、工商行政管理、公安、教育部门在各自职责范围内依法处罚。
第四十三条违反本办法第二十四条规定的,由文化、广播电视部门责令其立即改正;拒不改正的,暂扣或吊销其许可证,并处以非法所得3倍以下罚款。
第四十四条违反本办法第二十五条规定的,由劳动部门责令其纠正,并处以500元以上1000元以下罚款。
第四十五条违反本办法第二十六条、第二十七条规定的,未成年人或其监护人有权要求停止侵害,消除影响,赔礼道歉,并可要求赔偿损失;新闻出版、专利等部门和司法机关应依法及时作出处理。
第四十六条违反本办法规定,触犯《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》的,由公安机关依法处罚;构成犯罪的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第四十七条当事人对依照本办法作出的行政处罚决定不服的,可依照《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》和《行政复议条例》的规定申请复议,或向人民法院起诉。
第四十八条本办法具体应用中的问题,由省人民政府负责解释。
第四十九条本办法自1994年5月4日起施行。
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ——附加英文版
The National People's Congress
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's
Congress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the People's
Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)
Contents
Chapter I Basic Principles
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil
Conduct
Section 2 Guardianship
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm
Households
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social
Organization as Legal Persons
Section 4 Economic Association
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Section 2 Agency
Chapter V Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights
Section 2 Creditors' Rights
Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights
Section 4 Personal Rights
Chapter VI Civil Liability
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract
Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights
Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability
Chapter VII Limitation of Action
Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners
Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I Basic Principles
Article 1
This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual
situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil
activities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and
interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil
relations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist
modernization.
Article 2
The Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall adjust property
relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal
status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between
citizens and legal persons.
Article 3
Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.
Article 4
In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness, fairness, making
compensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.
Article 5
The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall
be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.
Article 6
Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are no
relevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with state
policies.
Article 7
Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm
the public interest, undermine state economic plans or disrupt social
economic order.
Article 8
The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities
within the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by
law.
The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners
and stateless persons within the People's Republic of China, except as
otherwise stipulated by law.
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.
Article 9
A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and
shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with
the law.
Article 10
All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights.
Article 11
A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult. He shall have full capacity
for civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shall
be called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.
A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whose
main source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person with
full capacity for civil conduct.
Article 12
A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with limited capacity for civil
conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age and
intellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agent
ad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.
A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civil
conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad
litem.
Article 13
A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shall
be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented
in civil activities by his agent ad litem.
A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conduct
shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage
in civil activities appropriate to his mental health; in other civil
activities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participate
with the consent of his agent ad litem.
Article 14
The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil
conduct shall be his agent ad litem.
Article 15
The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence is
registered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, his
habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.
Section 2 Guardianship
Article 16
The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.
If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be his
guardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence to
be a guardian shall act as his guardian:
(1) paternal or maternal grandparent;
(2) elder brother or sister; or
(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units of the
minor's parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in the
place of the minor's residence. In case of a dispute over guardianship,
the units of the minor's parents or the neighbourhood or village committee
in the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among the
minor's near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a
lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this article
is available to be the guardian, the units of the minor's parents, the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residence
or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 17
A person from the following categories shall act as guardian for a
mentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:
(1) spouse;
(2) parent;
(3) adult child;
(4) any other near relative;
(5) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to which
the mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or village
committee in the place of his residence. In case of a dispute over
guardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shall
appoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over the
appointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first paragraph of this article is
available to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill person
belongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his
residence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 18
A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person,
property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward. A guardian
shall not handle the property of his ward unless it is in the ward's
interests.
A guardian's rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the law
shall be protected by law.
If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon the
lawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall be held responsible; if
a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate for
such loss. The people's court may disqualify a guardian based on the
application of a concerned party or unit.
Article 19
A person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to a
people's court for a declaration that the mental patient is a person
without or with limited capacity for civil conduct.
With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declared by a
people's court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct,
and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the people's
court may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity for
civil conduct.
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Article 20
If a citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested
person may apply to a people's court for a declaration of the citizen as
missing.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 21
A missing person's property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse,
parents, adult children or other closely connected relatives or friends.
In case of a dispute over custody, if the persons stipulated above are
unavailable or are incapable of taking such custody, the property shall be
placed in the custody of a person appointed by the people's court. Any
taxes, debts and other unpaid expenses owed by a missing person shall
defrayed by the custodian out of the missing person's property.
Article 22
In the event that a person who has been declared missing reappears or his
whereabouts are ascertained, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
missing-person status.
Article 23
Under either of the following circumstances, an interested person may
apply to the people's court for a declaration of a citizen's death:
(1) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for four years or
(2) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the
date of an accident in which he was involved.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 24
In the event that a person who has been declared dead reappears or it is
ascertained that he is alive, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
death.
Any civil juristic acts performed by a person with capacity for civil
conduct during the period in which he has been declared dead shall be
valid.
Article 25
A person shall have the right to request the return of his property, if
the declaration of his death has been revoked. Any citizen or organization
that has obtained such property in accordance with the Law of Succession
shall return the original items or make appropriate compensation if the
original items no longer exist.
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households
Article 26
"Individual businesses" refers to business run by individual citizens who
have been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial or
commercial operation within the sphere permitted by law. An individual
business may adopt a shop name.
Article 27
"Leaseholding farm households" refers to members of a rural collective
economic organization who engage in commodity production under a contract
and within the spheres permitted by law.
Article 28
The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses and
leaseholding farm households shall be protected by law.
Article 29
The debts of an individual business or a leaseholding farm household shall
be secured with the individual's property if the business is operated by
an individual and with the family's property if the business is operated
by a family.
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Article 30
"Individual partnership" refers to two or more citizens associated in a
business and working together, with each providing funds, material
objects, techniques and so on according to an agreement.
Article 31
Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is to
provide, the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts, the
entering into and withdrawal from partnership, the ending of partnership
and other such matters.
Article 32
The property provided by the partners shall be under their unified
management and use. The property accumulated in a partnership operation
shall belong to all the partners.
Article 33
An individual partnership may adopt a shop name; it shall be approved and
registered in accordance with the law and conduct business operations
within the range as approved and registered.
Article 34
The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be decided
jointly by the partners, who each shall have the right to carry out and
supervise those activities. The partners may elect a responsible person.
All partners shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of
the responsible person and other personnel.
Article 35
A partnership's debts shall be secured with the partners' property in
proportion to their respective contributions to the investment or
according to the agreement made. Partners shall undertake joint liability
for their partnership's debts, except as otherwise stipulated by law. Any
partner who overpays his share of the partnership's debts shall have the
right to claim compensation from the other partners.
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Article 36
A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights
and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and
assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law.
A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct
shall begin when the legal person is established and shall end when the
legal person terminates.
Article 37
A legal person shall have the following qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
(2) possession of the necessary property or funds;
(3) possession of its own name, organization and premises; and
(4) ability to independently bear civil liability.
Article 38
In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal
person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in
exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.
Article 39
A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative
office is located.
Article 40
When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance
with the law and discontinue all other activities.
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Article 41
An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collective ownership
shall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds as
stipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization and
premises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and has
been approved and registered by the competent authority. A Chinese-
foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or
foreign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic of
China shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has the
qualifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered by
the administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with the
law.
Article 42
An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the range
approved and registered.
Article 43
An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for the
operational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel.
Article 44
If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes any
other important change, it shall register the change with the registration
authority and publicly announce it.
When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights and
obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person that
results from the change.
Article 45
An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following
reasons:
(1) if it is dissolved by law;
(2) if it is disbanded;
(3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or
(4) for other reasons.
Article 46
When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel its
registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the
termination.
Article 47
When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish a
liquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise as
legal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authority
or a people's court shall organize the organs and personnel concerned to
establish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise.
Article 48
An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage. An
enterprise under collective ownership, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property it owns. A Chinese-foreign equity joint
venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital
enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property it
owns, except as stipulated otherwise by law.
Article 49
Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal person
shall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be given
administrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes a
crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with
the law:
(1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registered
by the registration authority;
(2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities and
practising fraud;
(3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment of
debts;
(4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise is
dissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt;
(5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcement
promptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thus
causing interested persons to suffer heavy losses;
(6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interests
of the state or the public interest.
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal
Person
Article 50
An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legal
person on the day it is established.
If according to law an institution or social organization having the
qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for
registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on
the day it is established; if according to law it does need to go through
the registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person after
being approved and registered.
Section 4 Economic Association
Article 51
If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and an
institution that engage in economic association and it independently bears
civil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the new
entity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and
registered by the competent authority.
Article 52
If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in
economic association conduct joint operation but do not have the
qualifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, in
proportion to its respective contribution to the investment or according
to the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each party
owns or manages. If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement,
the parties shall assume joint liability.
Article 53
If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of an
enterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conduct
operations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations of
each party, and each party shall bear civil liability separately.
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Article 54
A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal person
to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations.
Article 55
A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements:
(1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct;
(2) the intention expressed is genuine; and
(3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest.
Article 56
A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form. If the law
stipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall be
observed.
Article 57
A civil juristic act shall be legally binding once it is instituted. The
actor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the law
or with the other party's consent.
Article 58
Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void:
(1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct;
(2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by a
person with limited capacity for civil conduct;
(3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result of
cheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by the
other party;
(4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental to
the interest of the state, a collective or a third party;
(5) those that violate the law or the public interest;
(6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans; and
(7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts conceal
illegitimate purposes. Civil acts that are null and void shall not be
legally binding from the very beginning.
Article 59
A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration
agency to alter or rescind the following civil acts:
(1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contents
of the acts;
(2) those that are obviously unfair.
Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning.
Article 60
If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validity
of other parts.
Article 61
After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has been
rescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shall
return it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party shall
compensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of the
act; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper share
of the responsibility.
If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act that
is detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a third
party, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turned
over to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party.
Article 62
A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civil
juristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met.
Section 2 Agency
Article 63
Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents
An agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name within
the scope of the power of agency. The principal shall bear civil liability
for the agent's acts of agency. Civil juristic acts that should be
performed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or the
agreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.
Article 64
Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointed
agency. An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as
entrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power of
agency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise the
power of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit.
Article 65
A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally. If
legal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall be
effected in writing. Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, the
power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrusted
tasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall be
signed or sealed by the principal.
If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, the
principal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and the
agent shall be held jointly liable.
Article 66
The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actor
with no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or after
his power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the act
retroactively. If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bear
civil liability for it. If a principal is aware that a civil act is being
executed in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall be
deemed to have been given.
An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties and
thus causes damage to the principal.
If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests,
the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable.
If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, is
overstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired and
yet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, the
third party and the actor shall be held jointly liable.
Article 67
If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but still
carries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts are
illegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall be
held jointly liable.
Article 68
If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer the
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