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交通部关于颁发《沿海港口建筑设备管理规则》的通知(已废止)

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交通部关于颁发《沿海港口建筑设备管理规则》的通知(已废止)

交通部


交通部关于颁发《沿海港口建筑设备管理规则》的通知

1987年4月13日,交通部

我部于一九八三年二月颁发的《港口建筑设备管理暂行规则》,对加强港口建筑设备维修管理工作起到了积极作用,使港口建筑设备管理工作有章可循,反映较好。一九八六年六月、十月部两次组织上海、黄埔、青岛、大连港的有关工程技术人员在暂行规则的基础上拟订出《沿海港口建筑设备管理规则》讨论稿,提交一九八六年十二月在烟台召开的“交通部沿海港口建筑设备管理会议”上进行了讨论。并根据国家经委经厅设〔1986〕24号文的规定,再次进行了修改。现将重新修订的《沿海港口建筑设备管理规则》随文颁发,并从文到之日起施行。部于一九八三年发布的《港口建筑设备管理暂行规则》同时废止。

附:沿海港口建筑设备管理规则

第一章 总 则
第一条 港口建筑设备是港口装卸运输生产、辅助生产及职工生活福利的重要基础设施。为保证港口建筑设备经常处于良好的技术状态,确保港口生产安全优质,特制定本规则。
第二条 港口建筑设备包括:码头仓库、贮仓、堆场、栈桥、港池、航道、船闸、系船浮筒、护岸、防波堤、修造船建筑物、客运设施、油罐及管道、铁路、公路、桥涵、机械轨道及设备基础、给排水设施、辅助建筑及构筑物等。
第三条 港口建筑设备的管理应贯彻执行以预防为主、修理和更新改造相结合的方针,按照“科学管理、合理使用,定期养护,计划修理”的要求,抓好“管、用、养、修”的每个环节,提高设备的技术状况,使其充分发挥使用效能。
第四条 本规则适用于沿海港口,是处理港口建筑设备管理工作的准则,必须认真遵循执行。

第二章 管理机构及其职责
第五条 各港必须设置在主管局长或总工程师直接领导下的专职机构或专职人员,负责和领导全港建筑设备的管理工作,其职责如下:
1.掌握全港主要港口建筑设备的技术状况。
2.根据本规则及国家有关方针、政策,制定各港港口建筑设备管理的实施细则,建立和健全以经济技术责任制为中心的各种管理制度。
3.组织对港口主要建筑设备定期检查及测定工作,编制年度大修、维修计划,并督促实施。
4.组织大修工程的设计审查及验收,参加更新改造和基本建设工程的设计审查及验收工作。
5.组织制订及审查港口建筑设备的安全使用规程,并督促检查其实施。
6.负责大修、维修定额的管理。
7.负责仲裁港口建筑设备大修、维修工程设计、施工、验收中的技术纠纷和审定港口建筑设备技术状况。
第六条 生产业务部门是港口建筑设备的直接使用者,在生产使用中必须严格遵守各类建筑设备的安全使用规程及有关规定。在制定港口生产计划及有关生产业务规程时,必须有保证港口建筑设备大修、维修计划完成的措施和相应的办法。
第七条 各港应有计划地配备并采用各种形式,培养港口建筑设备管理专业技术干部和技术工人,以提高专业队伍的技术、业务素质。

第三章 保养管理和维修
第八条 各级专职部门必须保证完成建筑设备的养护维修任务。
第九条 为了做好建筑设备的养护工作,维修养护部门要做到勤观察、勤检查、勤保养。应对各项建筑设备按不同技术状况采取必要的预防措施。对损坏的建筑设备应分别轻重缓急,尽快加以修复,避免损坏程度扩展。
第十条 经常性保养管理工作,是使建筑设备经常处于良好技术状况的基本手段,是设备管理工作的重要环节(港口主要建筑设备保养管理要求见附录一)。
第十一条 修理工程按照建筑设备的损坏情况,分为下列三种:(1)维修;(2)大修;(3)临时修理。
第十二条 大修系指建筑设备损坏程度比较严重,通过维修已不能恢复其正常状况或已不符合使用要求,需要进行全面修理或加固(港口主要建筑设备大修工程标准见附录二)。
技术状况不良,生产工艺落后,已不符合现代化生产需要的建筑设备,应结合更新改造进行大修。由于规划或生产上需要,经上级主管部门批准,可以移地大修。使用条件较差的辅助建筑,在大修时可考虑予以改善。
第十三条 临时修理系指年度计划外临时增加的项目或事故修理。临时修理项目的费用,均单列专款解决。
第十四条 维修系指为了保持建筑设备的原有技术状况所进行的局部的维护性修理。
第十五条 为保证设备正常大修理的需要,大修理基金应由设备管理部门控制安排,财务部门负责监督。结合大修进行改造的设备,其大修费用可同折旧基金合并使用。设备大修理基金是专项基金,应专款专用,不得挪用。
第十六条 属于港务费列支的港口建筑设备的维修、大修费用,由设备管理部门提出计划,经计划财务部门综合平衡后按有关规定使用。
第十七条 通过对建筑设备的定期检查,各港设备主管部门应及时编制下年度的大修、维修年度计划,经计划部门综合平衡,于十一月底以前审定报上级主管部门;重大工程项目按上级规定的审批权限,经批准后实施。年度大修、维修总结于次年一月底以前报上级主管部门备案。
第十八条 大中型工程项目应严格按照基建程序的勘测、设计、施工及验收等办法执行。
第十九条 各级管理部门,根据使用和设备管理的要求,要参与更新改造和基本建设工程的设计审查及竣工验收工作。建设单位和使用部门要建立设备验收交接制度。设备管理部门应按照国家有关规定严格把好验收关,验收文件未经设备管理部门签字,使用部门不予接收使用,财务部门不予办理固定资产入帐手续。

第四章 检查、鉴定和资料管理
第二十条 对主要建筑设备每年必须组织一次全面检查和鉴定,以了解建筑设备的技术状况,评定技术等级,确定下年度维修项目。每年的汛期、雨季和洪水、台风季节前后,应组织对重点建筑设备进行认真检查,确保安全生产。
第二十一条 对主要建筑设备必须进行沉陷、位移、倾斜等长期的定点定期观测,分析了解其详细的技术动态,积累掌握第一手资料。
对技术状况不良及发现有危险的建筑设备,要进行必要的测试工作,随时掌握其技术状况,及时作出判断,采取有效措施,确保安全。
第二十二条 建筑设备的鉴定分下列三种:
(1)荷载鉴定;(2)危险建筑鉴定;(3)报废鉴定。
第二十三条 建筑设备应按规定的荷载使用。对技术状况不良和超过使用年限的建筑设备,应根据实际情况,重新核定荷载定额。
第二十四条 如发现建筑设备结构变异,出现破损或地基沉陷、位移等严重现象时,应及时做出鉴定,如属危险建筑,应停止使用。
第二十五条 建筑设备符合下列情况的应办理报废;
(1)主要结构损坏严重,无修复价值的。
(2)超过使用年限,建筑设备陈旧,技术性能不良,无改造价值的。
(3)因事故或意外灾害造成严重破坏无修复价值的。
(4)因改造或扩建工程需要拆除的。
第二十六条 观测和鉴定时所作的标志及设施,应妥善保护。因鉴定而使建筑设备受损部分,必须及时恢复完好。
第二十七条 在荷载鉴定、危险建筑鉴定完毕后,应填写鉴定书,分送各有关部门。
第二十八条 报废鉴定的申请程序,应根据《固定资产管理办法》的有关规定办理。
第二十九条 勘测、设计、观测及鉴定等所发生的费用均在修理费项开支。
第三十条 加强建筑设备现有资料和历史资料的收集,建立技术资料档案和主要建筑设备的技术状况卡片,认真做好技术资料管理工作。

第五章 技术分类标准
第三十一条 为便于掌握建筑设备的技术状况,对建筑设备应进行技术分类。建筑设备共分四类。分类标准:
1.第一类建筑设备:
(1)技术状况良好;
(2)全部结构养护完好,附属设备齐全;
(3)按设计的技术标准使用,符合生产要求。
2.第二类建筑设备:
(1)技术状况正常;
(2)部分结构薄弱,附属设备较差;
(3)基本上能按设计的技术标准使用,并能正常进行生产。
3.第三类建筑设备:
(1)技术状况不良;
(2)主要结构损坏,附属设备残缺不全;
(3)已不能按设计的技术标准使用,必须减载或限制使用。
4.第四类建筑设备:
(1)技术状况恶劣;
(2)主要结构严重损坏;
(3)已处于危险状态,不能使用。
(码头、仓库、堆场等主要建筑设备的技术分类标准细则见附录三)。
第三十二条 对技术分类标准的几点说明:
1.技术分类标准中的各项,只要有任何一项不能达到该类标准时,应作降级处理。
2.正在进行修理或计划修理的建筑设备,应按修理前的状况分类。
3.维修后的建筑设备技术类别按照分类标准的规定办理。
4.其它建筑设备可根据上述的分类原则,进行技术分类,由各港自行掌握。
第三十三条 码头、仓库、堆场等项主要生产建筑设备的技术状态分类情况和港池、泊位水深资料,应与年度维修工作总结同时报送上级主管部门。

第六章 奖励、惩罚与考核
第三十四条 交通部将不定期举行沿海港口建筑设备管理优秀单位评选活动,对建筑设备管理工作做出显著成绩的单位及个人予以表彰和奖励。
第三十五条 对违章使用,玩忽职守造成设备责任事故者,对失职造成设备严重失修、技术状况严重劣化的单位领导和责任部门,应根据情节轻重,给予批评教育、行政处分,直至追究刑事责任。对设备事故隐瞒不报的单位和个人,应加重处分,并追究领导责任。
第三十六条 各港及基层单位的领导必须重视港口建筑设备的管理工作。在对企业进行考核评议时,按如下几个主要方面进行考核:
1.港口建筑设备管理的专职机构(或专职人员)及技术岗位责任制的建立和健全情况。
2.港口建筑设备管理实施细则及有关管理规章制度的建立、健全及执行情况。
3.港口主要建筑设备的四项考核指标:
(1)完好率;
(2)设备大修理计划完成率;
(3)维修费用率;
(4)一、二类设备比重。
(具体计算方法详见附录四)。

第七章 其 他
第三十七条 港口铁路、公路、桥涵、航道、浮码头的囤船、修造船建筑物、给排水设施及工业和民用建筑等设备的管理,参照各专业有关规定执行。
第三十八条 本规则授权交通部海洋运输管理局负责解释。
第三十九条 本规则自公布之日起实行。原交通部颁发的《港口建筑设备管理暂行规则》即行废止。

附录一:港口主要建筑设备保养管理要求
1.固定码头
(1)要根据设计或核定的安全荷载、船型、车型、机型和有关操作规程使用,严禁超负荷。在特殊情况下,确需超负荷使用时,应对码头的负荷能力进行校核,并提出相应的安全措施,报设备主管部门批准后方可进行。
(2)对于易燃、易爆、有腐蚀性及重件等特种货物的装卸和堆存,除专用码头外应采用临时保护措施,保证码头结构或面层不受损伤。
(3)钢筋混凝土结构的码头上未经设备主管部门批准,严禁任意打洞、凿眼及安装任何固定设备,保证码头结构的安全及完整性。
(4)码头上的系网环、护舷锚链、梁、柱、桩等处一律禁止系带船舶。
(5)对码头上的系船柱、系船环均需按规定负荷使用。船舶靠离码头时,其速度和角度必须符合码头安全使用规程。
(6)码头护舷及锚固铁件撞坏或松动后,应及时修理或更换,未修复前应采用临时措施,保证船舶靠泊安全。
(7)码头面层应保持清洁。所有泄水孔、轨道槽、伸缩缝内,均应及时疏通、清扫、避免垃圾堵塞。
(8)码头如有变位、裂缝、掉块及露筋等现象,应查明原因,采取措施,予以修复。
(9)木码头、木引桥上的面板、梁、桩等构件,应经常注意检查结构有否松动、腐朽,并针对损坏程序及时修换和作防腐处理。
(10)对钢结构的码头要制订定期防腐蚀措施。
(11)码头上设置的系船柱、系船环、爬梯等设备,应定期做好除锈、油漆等保养工作。
(12)码头上设置的起重机轨道和铁路轨道,应定期测量轨距及标高,并将测量结果归档备查,发现问题,要加强观测并及时处理。
(13)码头泊位水深应经常达到维护要求,定期测定和维护。
(14)杂货码头前沿必须设置护轮坎,如有损坏及时修理,并保证颜色醒目。
2.浮码头
(1)要按照设计或核定荷载、船型使用,严禁超载。码头前沿应保持规定水深,防止囤船搁浅,钢筋混凝土囤船应参照钢筋混凝土结构进行养护。
(2)装卸有腐蚀性的货物(如化肥、烧碱及食盐等)时,除专用码头外,均应采取临时保护措施,保证码头结构或面层不受损伤。
(3)码头上所设系船柱,不得超负荷使用。非系船设备一律禁止系船。
(4)码头舱内要保持清洁干燥。对码头舱应经常进行清扫,勿使积有污水及垃圾。每逢雨、雪后,应检查清理一次。天气晴朗时,应将舱盖打开,以便通风干燥。
(5)浮桥的梁、板、桥座、撑杆、支座及联结构件等处,应随时清除垃圾、污垢,以防止腐蚀。
(6)码头、引桥等的钢结构部分,要定期进行检查、除锈、油漆等养护工作。
(7)码头、引桥上木质面板等构件,应经常注意检查,如有松动、腐朽现象,要及时进行修理或更换。
3.系船浮筒。
(1)系船浮筒应经常进行位置测定,防止移位,以保证船舶停靠安全。
(2)系船浮筒应按规定船型使用,浮筒区域水深应保持其维护水深。
(3)系船浮筒应定期进行水下检查。发现锚链卸扣等联结设备损坏,要及时更换,并做好除锈、油漆等养护工作,或采用电化学防腐措施。
4.护岸
(1)护岸应按照核定荷载及安全使用规程使用,严禁在护岸地区范围内超载。
(2)随时注意检查护岸的沉陷、结构变形及砂土的流失情况,并及时进行修补。
(3)对于浆砌块石护岸,应及时修补其开裂砌缝,防止石块松动。挖泥时应保证在护岸稳定的情况下进行。
(4)在汛期,应对护岸进行观测。常年被冲刷的护岸尤应注意避免发生滑坡,要作好必要的应急措施。
5.防波堤
(1)防波堤应经常进行检查维护。特别是在台风季节前,应认真检查,及时修补,以免扩大。在台风过后,对基床、护堤石和上部建筑的稳定情况进行全面检查,如有变化,应及时处理。
(2)疏浚时要保证防波堤的稳定。
6.港池、航道及锚地
(1)港池、航道及锚地应定期进行检测,对达不到维护水深的区域应及时疏浚。
(2)施工船舶应在指定区域内挖泥、排淤,未经许可一律禁止在港池、航道锚地乱抛乱排。
7.油罐及管线
(1)油罐、罐区、管线、管沟和支架区域应保持干净和排水畅通。
(2)油罐的呼吸阀、安全阀、活动罐顶、排水阀和管线的伸缩部件、支架等要经常维护保养,使之处于良好技术状态。
(3)油罐、管线的保温层及防腐处理要保持完整。对渗油、漏油部位要认真观察,及时处理。
(4)每年对油罐和管线要进行一、两次技术状况普查。在春季和雨季尤应注意对重要和危险区域的设备进行检查。应定期观测油罐和管线主要支架的沉陷情况,如发现问题,应及时进行分析,找出原因,研究处理。
8.仓库及辅助建筑
(1)仓库应按核定的技术荷载定额堆存货物,严禁超载使用。
(2)仓库结构未经设备管理部门批准不得任意开门,打洞和拆墙等。
(3)仓库及辅助建筑在使用中应经常注意观察,如发现屋面漏雨、地坪开裂及渗水等损坏情况,应及时进行检查修理。
(4)屋面除设计有特殊考虑外,不得堆存货物和凉晒物品,禁止无故上人和用作其他工作场所。
(5)天沟、落水管及水斗内应经常保持畅通完好,每年雨季前后应彻底检查,并做好养护工作。
(6)钢结构的屋架、梁、柱等构件应经常检查,定期养护。
(7)木结构的屋架、梁、板、柱等构件应经常检查,如有断裂、腐朽及虫蛀等情况发生,应及时修补并采取根治措施。
(8)钢筋混凝土结构如有掉块、露筋、断裂、预埋铁件松动、外墙粉刷剥落及砖砌灰缝损坏等情况,应及时修补。
(9)瓦楞白铁屋面和墙应经常检查搭接,钉眼处有无腐蚀及油漆剥落等现象,根据损坏程度。及时进行修补,并要定期进行全面油漆。
(10)门窗敞开时,应用风钩挂牢,发现小五金零件及玻璃等损坏失落,应修理装备齐全。仓库门滑道、轮轴和铰链等附件应保持清洁润滑,按时注入润滑油,防止锈涩。
(11)对受潮汐影响地区的港口,仓库及辅助建筑,在汛期前后均应按照防台,防汛有关规定执行,在雨季前后应注意检查,做好抢修措施。
(12)仓库和辅助建筑物附近一米范围内严禁堆存货物。
(13)不准进入库内的机械一律禁止入库。进行库内作业的机械不得碰撞门、墙、柱,如发现损坏要及时进行修补。
9.堆场、道路、给排水及管沟
(1)港区内堆场、道路,在使用过程中应经常进行检查和维修养护,保持面层结构完整、平坦、整洁、不积水。
(2)混凝土和沥青面层的堆场、道路上,不得拖曳重件、硬底货物及行驶铁轮车辆。如需行驶覆带式机械时应采取保护措施,并加大转弯半径,减速行驶。
(3)混凝土堆场、道路上的伸缩缝,发现剥落应及时修补灌缝。路缘石发现松动、脱落,应以细石混凝土重新补砌。
(4)煤渣及泥结碎石堆场、道路,应经常检查养护,面层如有松散损坏,应及时利用同类材料进行整修补平。
(5)给、排水及消防管道应保持畅通,在防冻、防台及暴雨前后,应切实进行检查,做好防护措施,防止冻裂、堵塞。给水及消防水管系统应定期做好水压试验。检查井及管沟内要定期清除沉积物,暴雨前后必须进行彻底检查。
(6)堆场内的进水口、检查井盖、明沟等处禁止堆放货物,便于疏通修理,保证排水畅通。
10.其它:
(1)未经设备管理部门批准,一律禁止在港区水域内抛填土石方或垃圾及擅自扩充土地。
(2)防汛工程中设置的堤岸、挡水墙、防潮闸门、抽水泵、泵站等设备,要按照有关防汛规定执行,确保防汛设施的完整、齐备。
(3)港区内设置的固定观测点,应妥加保护,不得任意拆毁和堆放货物,如发现移动或损坏应及时处理。

附录二:港口主要建筑设备大修工程标准
----------------------------------------------------------------------
建筑设备名称 | 大 修 标 准
------------------------|--------------------------------------------
| | 1.基床20%被淘空;
| 重 力 式 | 2.墙身30%修理或更换;
码 | | 3.胸墙50%修理或更换
|----------------|--------------------------------------------
| 高桩承台 | 1.基桩10%(占前排桩数)加固或补桩;
| 梁 板 式 | 2.纵横梁30%修理或更换;
| 框 架 式 | 3.面板50%修理或更换。
|----------------|--------------------------------------------
| | 1.板桩10%修理或更换;
头 | 板 桩 式 | 2.导梁、锚锭、拉杆10%修理或更换;
| | 3.帽梁、胸墙30%修理或更换。
------------------------|--------------------------------------------
| 1.屋面全部翻修;
| 2.屋架结构50%以上换新;
仓库及其它房屋建筑 | 3.砖墙50%以上拆除重砌;
| 4.柱30%以上拆除换新;
| 5.全部地面加高、降低或重建。
------------------------|--------------------------------------------
堆场及道路 | 1.翻修面积在50%以上;
| 2.全部地面加高或降低。
------------------------|--------------------------------------------
| 1.罐顶或罐底全部更换;
油 罐 | 2.罐壁更换三分之一以上;
| 3.罐内排架更换二分之一以上;
| 4.罐内加温管全部更换。
----------------------------------------------------------------------
说明:建筑设备每次修理工程如有一项达到上述标准即属大修工程项目。

附录三:港口主要建筑设备技术分类标准细则
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
类别| | |
| 第 一 类 | 第 二 类 |
名称 | | |
----------|----------------------------|------------------------------|
|1.主要结构及构件完好无 |1.主要结构及构件基本完 |
|损,钢质结构及构件的腐蚀量 |好,钢筋砼构件表面略有破损 |
固 |不超过设计允许值。 |和裂缝,但不露筋,砼构件有 |
| |裂缝及缺角掉块,但不超过总 |
定 | |构件的10%,主要钢质构件中 |
| |腐蚀量略超过设计允许值的构 |
码 | |件数不超过10%。 |
|2.变形与位移不超过设计允 |2.变形与位移局部略行超过 |
头 |许值。 |设计允许值,但已基本稳定。 |
|3.护舷、系船柱、系船环、护|3.附属设备局部略有损坏, |
|轮坎、电缆廊道及前沿给排水 |但基本上符合使用要求。 |
|等附属设备齐全完好。 | |
|4.按设计荷载正常使用。 |4.基本上能按设计荷载使 |
| |用。 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
|
第 三 类 | 第 四 类
|
----------------------------|--------------------------
1.主要结构及构件有损坏, |1.主要结构及构件有严重
钢筋砼构件有较多掉块及露 |损坏。
筋,砼构件有破坏及断裂,主 |
要钢质构件中腐蚀量超过允许 |
值的构件数不超过30%。 |
|
|
2.变形与位移已超过设计允 |2.继续有显著的变形与位
许值,且在缓慢进行。 |移,影响安全生产。
3.附属设备普遍损坏影响船 |3.不能继续使用。
只正常靠泊和机械行驶。 |
|
4.必须降低原规定荷载使 |
用。 |
--------------------------------------------------------
续上表
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
类别| | |
| 第 一 类 | 第 二 类 |
名称 | | |
----------|----------------------------|------------------------------|
|1.主要结构完好无损,引 |1.主要结构基本完好,尚无 |
浮 |桥、浮桥和囤船等主要结构无 |显著变形及裂缝。 |
|变形扭裂等现象。 | |
| |2.舱面局部有损裂和轻度渗 |
码 |2.舱面平整完好,船壳、船 |水情况,船壳、船底钢板厚度 |
|底钢板厚度正常,油漆良好, |比较正常,局部有锈蚀,油漆 |
|无渗漏现象。 |剥落等现象。 |
头 |3.护舷、系船柱、通风洞、 |3.护舷、系船柱等附属设备 |
|舱盖、安全栏杆等设备齐全良 |局部略有损坏。 |
|好。 | |
|4.按设计荷载使用。 |4.基本上能按设计要求使 |
| |用。 |
----------|----------------------------|------------------------------|
|1.主要结构及构件完好无 |1.主要结构及构件基本完 |
|损。 |好。 |
仓 |2.屋面不漏雨、地面平整完 |2.屋面有局部轻微渗漏,地 |
|好。 |面基本完好。 |
库 |3.室内外排水畅通,照明及 |3.室内外排水基本畅通,照 |
|防汛设备良好齐全。 |明及防汛设备基本良好。 |
|4.按规定荷载使用。 |4.基本上能按规定荷载使 |
| |用。 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
|
第 三 类 | 第 四 类
|
----------------------------|--------------------------
1.主要结构损坏,局部出现 |1.主要结构严重损坏
变形、裂缝。 |
|
2.舱面出现大面积损坏,有 |2.舱面普遍损坏,使用时
严重漏水。船壳、船底钢板厚 |有断裂及下附的危险,船
度20%严重锈蚀,全部油漆剥|壳、船底钢板普遍锈烂,囤
落。 |船有随时下沉的危险。
3.护舷、系船柱等附属设备 |3.不能继续使用。
普遍损坏。 |
|
4.限制使用。 |
|
----------------------------|--------------------------
1.主要结构及构件有损坏。 |1.主要结构及构件损坏严
|重。
2.屋面渗漏较严重,地面局 |2.屋面开裂、严重漏水,
部破碎、下沉。 |地面破碎。
3.室内外排水部分损坏、堵 |3.不能继续使用。
塞,照明及防汛设备残缺不全。|
4.必须降低原规定荷载使 |
用。 |
--------------------------------------------------------
续上表
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
类别| | |
| 第 一 类 | 第 二 类 |
名称 | | |
----------|----------------------------|------------------------------|
|1.基础良好,高级面层(混 |1.基础较好,高级面层有局 |
堆 |凝土、沥青、混凝土及钢筋混 |部破裂现象,有小坑洼。有基 |
|凝土块)构结平坦完整。 |础的普通面层,表层比较平整。 |
| | |
| | |
|2.表面泄水畅通,排水系统 |2.表面泄水基本正常,排水 |
场 |齐全。 |系统尚好。 |
|3.按设计荷载使用。 |3.基本上能按设计荷载使 |
| |用。 |
----------|----------------------------|------------------------------|
油 |1.罐体及罐基完好无损,基 |1.罐体及罐基基本完好,变 |
|本没有变形。 |形均在允许值范围内。 |
|2.无渗漏。附件及保温或防 |2.略有渗漏。附件及保温或 |
|腐结构齐全完好。 |防腐结构基本完好。 |
罐 |3.确保安全使用。 |3.基本上能保证安全使用。 |
| | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
|
第 三 类 | 第 四 类
|
----------------------------|--------------------------
1.高级面层多处破裂,基础 |1.基础严重沉降,面层大
垫层外露,有基础的普遍面层,|面积破坏。
基础有沉降,面层损坏比较严 |
重。无基础的简易面层,尚坚 |
实,但不平整。 |
2.局部排水系统损坏阻塞, |2.排水系统遭到破坏,积
有积水现象。 |水严重。
3.限制使用。 |3.不能使用。
|
----------------------------|--------------------------
1.罐体及罐基存有隐患,局 |1.罐体及罐基有严重损
部变形超过允许范围。 |坏,存在事故危险。
2.局部渗漏。附件及保温或 |2.渗漏严重,不能使用。
防腐结构残缺不全。 |
3.通过采取措施,尚能安全 |
使用。 |
----------------------------------------------------------

附录四:港口主要建筑设备的四项考核指标
一、完好率
完好泊位天数
1.码头泊位完好率=----------------×100%
总泊位日历天数
完好平米天数
2.仓库及堆场完好率=----------------×100%
总平米日历天数

注:1.是指码头泊位完好天数占日历天数的比重。
2.完好泊位是指触靠泊装卸的泊位数,如码头局部在修理时不影响靠泊使用的仍可作为完好泊位。
举例:如某港共有10个泊位,全年有1个泊位因损坏修理5天,1个泊位修理10天而不能靠泊装卸,另有2个泊位虽有局部修理但未影响靠泊使用,其
8×365+1×360+1×355
码头泊位完好率=----------------------------------×100%
10×365
=99.6%
二、设备大修理计划完成率
全年实际完成大修理项目数
设备大修理计划完成率=--------------------------
年度计划大修理项目数
×100%
注:是指全年实际完成大修理项目占全年计划大修理项目的比重。
三、维修费用率
设备维修费用
维修费用率=------------×100%
总成本
注:设备维修费包括大、维修和日常养护的全部费用。
四、一、二类设备比重
一、二类设备数量
一、二类设备比重=----------------×100%
设备总数量


江西省实施《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》办法

江西省人大常委会


江西省实施《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》办法


  (1994年4月16日江西省第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第八次会议通过,1997年6月20日江西省第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十八次会议修正)

  第一条为了维护未成年人的合法权益,保护未成年人身心健康,根据《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》,结合本省实际,制定本办法。

  第二条本办法适用于本省境内保护未满18周岁的公民。

  第三条保护未成年人的合法权益,为未成年人健康成长创造良好的环境和条件是全社会的共同责任。

  国家、社会、学校和家庭应帮助未成年人增强自我保护的意识和能力,抵制不良倾向,努力学习,做有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的公民。

  第四条各级人民政府负责组织实施《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》和本办法。

  县级以上人民政府设立未成年人保护委员会,协调有关部门做好未成年人保护工作。

  第五条共产主义青年团、妇女联合会、工会、青年联合会、学生联合会、少年先锋队及其他有关的社会团体,协助各级国家机关做好未成年人保护工作。

  城乡基层群众性自治组织应发动和组织居(村)民做好未成年人保护工作。

  第六条各级人民政府和有关部门对保护未成年人有显著成绩的组织和个人,给予表彰、奖励。

  第七条父母或其他监护人、学校教师应对未成年人加强教育,预防和制止其发生下列行为:

  (一)吸烟、酗酒;

  (二)出走或流浪;

  (三)旷课、逃学、弃学;

  (四)赌博、吸毒、卖淫、嫖娼、盗窃;

  (五)组织、参与封建迷信活动或非法组织;

  (六)辱骂他人、打架斗殴,携带武器、管制刀具等凶器;

  (七)毁损文物古迹、公共设施及其他公私财物;

  (八)妨碍公共秩序和公共卫生;

  (九)阅读、收听、观看有碍身心健康的图书报刊、音像制品、演出;

  (十)其他违背社会公德或违纪、违法行为。

  第八条禁止对未成年人实施下列行为:

  (一)诽谤、侮辱、歧视、虐待、伤害、遗弃;

  (二)允许或强迫未成年人订婚、换亲和结婚;

  (三)允许或强迫未成年人辍学、当童工或外出乞讨;

  (四)教唆、强迫未成年人吸毒、盗窃、行凶,或容留、教唆、强迫未成年人嫖娼、卖淫;

  (五)引诱或强迫未成年人进行残忍、恐怖、色情等摧残身心健康的表演;

  (六)其他损害未成年人身心健康的行为。

  第九条鼓励共产主义青年团、青少年发展基金会建立失学少年基金,帮助因家庭贫困而失学的未成年人复学。

  第十条学校、幼儿园、托儿所应对校舍、保教用房和其他教学、保教设施定期进行安全检查;危及人身安全的,必须立即采取措施,确保学生、保教对象的安全。

  第十一条学校和教师应严格按照国家教育部门规定的课时组织教学,保证未成年学生必要的文娱、体育、休息和课外活动时间。

  第十二条学校应为未成年学生在校学习提供必要的卫生保健条件,教室采光应符合视力卫生标准,课桌椅应按照国家规定的标准配备,向学生提供或出售的食品必须符合食品卫生标准。

  第十三条学校和教师不得违反国家规定向学生滥收费用,不得强迫或变相强迫学生购买非课业必需的读物和其他物品,不得体罚或用罚款手段惩罚学生。

  第十四条未成年人受违法犯罪分子引诱、胁迫实施违法犯罪行为而无力摆脱时,或未成年人被威胁可能受到伤害时,学校、父母或其他监护人及其他成年人,应立即采取必要的保护性措施,并及时报告公安机关。

  第十五条人民政府及公安机关对被拐卖、拐骗、绑架的未成年人应及时解救。

  第十六条各级人民政府应将未成年人活动场所和设施的建设项目纳入本行政区域经济和社会发展规划,列入政府财政预算,保证必要的建设资金。

  县级以上人民政府应逐步建立和完善青少年宫等多种形式的文化、科学技术、娱乐、体育等活动场所,创造良好的教育环境。

  各级人民政府及其有关部门对提供、兴建未成年人的活动场所、设施及提供资金的单位和个人,应予以鼓励和支持,并提供方便。

  第十七条各级人民政府及其有关部门应加强社会福利建设,为残疾未成年人提供必要的学习、生活、医疗保健及就业条件。

  第十八条各级人民政府及其有关部门应支持和鼓励社会团体开展有利于未成年人健康成长的社会活动,提供必要的活动经费和其他便利条件。

  第十九条机关、武装力量、团体、企业事业单位应配合教育部门和学校,为未成年学生参加社会实践提供方便。

  第二十条学校、城乡基层群众性自治组织以及劳动改造、收容教养单位,可聘请离休退休干部、工人、军人、知名人士等担任辅导员,对未成年人进行帮助教育。

  第二十一条城建、环保、工商行政管理、公安、教育部门应按各自职责,互相配合,制止下列行为:

  (一)在学校、幼儿园、托儿所周围违章建筑、门口摆摊设点;

  (二)发出超标噪音或排放有毒、有害的废水、废气、废渣,影响学校、幼儿园、托儿所的环境;

  (三)在学校、幼儿园、托儿所内赌博、哄闹、寻衅滋事、打架斗殴;

  (四)其他妨碍、扰乱学校、幼儿园、托儿所正常秩序的行为。

  第二十二条严禁任何组织或个人侵占、毁坏、哄抢学校、幼儿园、托儿所的房屋、设备等财产,或挤占、毁坏未成年人从事文化科学技术、娱乐、体育活动的场所和设施,贪污、挪用建设上述场所、设施的资金。

  第二十三条新闻出版、文化、广播电视、公安、工商行政管理部门,对向未成年人出售、出租或以其他方式传播反动、淫秽、暴力、凶杀、封建迷信的图书报刊、音像制品的,应依法从重处罚。

  第二十四条下列场所应设置明显的禁入标志,不得允许未成年人进入:

  (一)营业性歌舞厅、夜总会、通宵电影院;

  (二)放映不适宜未成年人观看的录像、电影的场所;

  (三)其他不适宜未成年人活动的场所。

  不能判明是否未成年人的,前款所述场所的工作人员,有权要求其出示身份证件;文化、广播电视、公安、工商行政管理部门应加强对上述场所经营活动的监督检查。

  第二十五条任何组织和个人不得招用未成年人从事营业性歌舞厅、酒吧、夜总会、通宵电影院的工作。

  第二十六条未经未成年人本人或其监护人同意,不得以营利为目的使用未成年人的肖像。

  第二十七条严禁任何组织和个人侵占、剽窃未成年人在科学技术、文学艺术以及其他方面的发明权、专利权、著作权等智力成果权。

  第二十八条机关、团体、企业事业单位、城乡基层群众性自治组织、未成年人的监护人和其他成年人,应共同做好未成年人违法犯罪的预防和矫治工作。

  第二十九条设区的市人民政府、地区行政公署应采取措施,创造条件,逐步建立工读学校。

  公安、教育部门应按国家有关规定将有违法或轻微犯罪行为,不宜留在原学校学习的未成年学生送工读学校学习。

  第三十条家庭、学校及其他有关单位,公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院、少年犯管教所、劳动教养所应互相配合,共同做好对违法犯罪的未成年人的教育、感化、挽救工作。

  第三十一条公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院办理未成年人犯罪案件,应根据未成年人的生理和心理特点,采取适合于未成年人的方式、方法,注重疏导和教育,一般不使用戒具。

  第三十二条公安机关、人民检察院应设立专门机构或确定专人办理未成年人犯罪案件。人民法院应组成少年法庭或设立少年刑事审判庭,审理未成年人犯罪案件。律师事务所应指定专人承担未成年人犯罪案件的辩护工作。

  第三十三条人民法院审理民事、经济、行政案件,婚姻登记机关办理婚姻登记,应依法保障和维护未成年人的财产权和受抚养权、受教育权等合法权益。

  第三十四条人民法院可从当地聘请教育工作者和工会、共产主义青年团、妇女联合会的干部以及少年先锋队的辅导员担任少年法庭特邀陪审员。

  第三十五条看守所、收容所、拘留所对审前羁押或行政拘留的未成年人,应与被羁押或拘留的成年人分别看管;暂不具备条件的,应将其与惯犯、累犯或恶习很深的成年人分别看管。

  对被判决服刑或被批准送劳动教养的未成年人、成年人应分别关押、管教。

  第三十六条少年犯管教所、劳动教养所对正在服刑或接受劳动教养的未成年人,应做好思想教育工作,实行文明管理、教育,组织其参加力所能及的劳动、文化学习和技术培训,为其刑满释放或解除劳动教养后就学、就业创造条件。

  禁止以任何理由对正在服刑或接受劳动教养的未成年人实行体罚、虐待或其他摧残身心健康的行为。

  第三十七条对人民检察院决定免予起诉或人民法院判处免除刑事处罚、缓刑、管制和假释,以及刑满释放和解除劳动教养的未成年人,有关单位应帮助其就学、就业,做好预防重新违法犯罪工作。

  第三十八条未成年人合法权益受到侵害的,被侵害人或其监护人有权向侵权人所在单位及其上级主管部门、公安机关及其他有关部门投诉或要求保护,或依法向人民法院起诉。

  第三十九条负有保护职责的部门、单位对举报、投诉侵犯未成年人合法权益的案件应予以受理,不得推诿。

  违反前款规定的,由其所在单位或其上级主管部门或行政监察机关给予有关负责人、直接责任人批评教育或行政处分。

  第四十条违反本办法第八条、第十条至第十三条、第二十二条规定,视其情节,由其所在单位或其上级主管部门通报批评,并责令其改正;或对直接责任人、有关负责人给予行政处分。

  第四十一条父母或其他监护人有抚养能力而拒绝履行抚养义务的,由其所在单位、街道办事处、乡镇人民政府、城乡基层群众性自治组织对其批评教育,责令改正;拒不改正的,由其所在单位在其收入中代扣抚养费。

  第四十二条实施本办法第二十一条规定所制止的行为的,分别由城建、环保、工商行政管理、公安、教育部门在各自职责范围内依法处罚。

  第四十三条违反本办法第二十四条规定的,由文化、广播电视部门责令其立即改正;拒不改正的,暂扣或吊销其许可证,并处以非法所得3倍以下罚款。

  第四十四条违反本办法第二十五条规定的,由劳动部门责令其纠正,并处以500元以上1000元以下罚款。

  第四十五条违反本办法第二十六条、第二十七条规定的,未成年人或其监护人有权要求停止侵害,消除影响,赔礼道歉,并可要求赔偿损失;新闻出版、专利等部门和司法机关应依法及时作出处理。

  第四十六条违反本办法规定,触犯《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》的,由公安机关依法处罚;构成犯罪的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。

  第四十七条当事人对依照本办法作出的行政处罚决定不服的,可依照《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》和《行政复议条例》的规定申请复议,或向人民法院起诉。

  第四十八条本办法具体应用中的问题,由省人民政府负责解释。

  第四十九条本办法自1994年5月4日起施行。

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ——附加英文版

The National People's Congress


GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's
Congress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the People's
Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)

Contents
Chapter I Basic Principles
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil
Conduct
Section 2 Guardianship
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm
Households
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social
Organization as Legal Persons
Section 4 Economic Association
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Section 2 Agency
Chapter V Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights
Section 2 Creditors' Rights
Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights
Section 4 Personal Rights
Chapter VI Civil Liability
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract
Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights
Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability
Chapter VII Limitation of Action
Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners
Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I Basic Principles
Article 1
This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual
situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil
activities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and
interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil
relations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist
modernization.
Article 2
The Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall adjust property
relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal
status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between
citizens and legal persons.
Article 3
Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.
Article 4
In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness, fairness, making
compensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.
Article 5
The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall
be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.
Article 6
Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are no
relevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with state
policies.
Article 7
Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm
the public interest, undermine state economic plans or disrupt social
economic order.
Article 8
The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities
within the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by
law.
The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners
and stateless persons within the People's Republic of China, except as
otherwise stipulated by law.

Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.
Article 9
A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and
shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with
the law.
Article 10
All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights.
Article 11
A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult. He shall have full capacity
for civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shall
be called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.
A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whose
main source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person with
full capacity for civil conduct.
Article 12
A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with limited capacity for civil
conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age and
intellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agent
ad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.
A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civil
conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad
litem.
Article 13
A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shall
be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented
in civil activities by his agent ad litem.
A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conduct
shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage
in civil activities appropriate to his mental health; in other civil
activities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participate
with the consent of his agent ad litem.
Article 14
The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil
conduct shall be his agent ad litem.
Article 15
The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence is
registered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, his
habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.
Section 2 Guardianship
Article 16
The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.
If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be his
guardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence to
be a guardian shall act as his guardian:
(1) paternal or maternal grandparent;
(2) elder brother or sister; or
(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units of the
minor's parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in the
place of the minor's residence. In case of a dispute over guardianship,
the units of the minor's parents or the neighbourhood or village committee
in the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among the
minor's near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a
lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this article
is available to be the guardian, the units of the minor's parents, the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residence
or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 17
A person from the following categories shall act as guardian for a
mentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:
(1) spouse;
(2) parent;
(3) adult child;
(4) any other near relative;
(5) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to which
the mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or village
committee in the place of his residence. In case of a dispute over
guardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shall
appoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over the
appointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first paragraph of this article is
available to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill person
belongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his
residence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 18
A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person,
property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward. A guardian
shall not handle the property of his ward unless it is in the ward's
interests.
A guardian's rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the law
shall be protected by law.
If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon the
lawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall be held responsible; if
a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate for
such loss. The people's court may disqualify a guardian based on the
application of a concerned party or unit.
Article 19
A person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to a
people's court for a declaration that the mental patient is a person
without or with limited capacity for civil conduct.
With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declared by a
people's court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct,
and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the people's
court may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity for
civil conduct.
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Article 20
If a citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested
person may apply to a people's court for a declaration of the citizen as
missing.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 21
A missing person's property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse,
parents, adult children or other closely connected relatives or friends.
In case of a dispute over custody, if the persons stipulated above are
unavailable or are incapable of taking such custody, the property shall be
placed in the custody of a person appointed by the people's court. Any
taxes, debts and other unpaid expenses owed by a missing person shall
defrayed by the custodian out of the missing person's property.
Article 22
In the event that a person who has been declared missing reappears or his
whereabouts are ascertained, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
missing-person status.
Article 23
Under either of the following circumstances, an interested person may
apply to the people's court for a declaration of a citizen's death:
(1) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for four years or
(2) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the
date of an accident in which he was involved.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 24
In the event that a person who has been declared dead reappears or it is
ascertained that he is alive, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
death.
Any civil juristic acts performed by a person with capacity for civil
conduct during the period in which he has been declared dead shall be
valid.
Article 25
A person shall have the right to request the return of his property, if
the declaration of his death has been revoked. Any citizen or organization
that has obtained such property in accordance with the Law of Succession
shall return the original items or make appropriate compensation if the
original items no longer exist.
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households
Article 26
"Individual businesses" refers to business run by individual citizens who
have been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial or
commercial operation within the sphere permitted by law. An individual
business may adopt a shop name.
Article 27
"Leaseholding farm households" refers to members of a rural collective
economic organization who engage in commodity production under a contract
and within the spheres permitted by law.
Article 28
The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses and
leaseholding farm households shall be protected by law.
Article 29
The debts of an individual business or a leaseholding farm household shall
be secured with the individual's property if the business is operated by
an individual and with the family's property if the business is operated
by a family.
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Article 30
"Individual partnership" refers to two or more citizens associated in a
business and working together, with each providing funds, material
objects, techniques and so on according to an agreement.
Article 31
Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is to
provide, the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts, the
entering into and withdrawal from partnership, the ending of partnership
and other such matters.
Article 32
The property provided by the partners shall be under their unified
management and use. The property accumulated in a partnership operation
shall belong to all the partners.
Article 33
An individual partnership may adopt a shop name; it shall be approved and
registered in accordance with the law and conduct business operations
within the range as approved and registered.
Article 34
The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be decided
jointly by the partners, who each shall have the right to carry out and
supervise those activities. The partners may elect a responsible person.
All partners shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of
the responsible person and other personnel.
Article 35
A partnership's debts shall be secured with the partners' property in
proportion to their respective contributions to the investment or
according to the agreement made. Partners shall undertake joint liability
for their partnership's debts, except as otherwise stipulated by law. Any
partner who overpays his share of the partnership's debts shall have the
right to claim compensation from the other partners.

Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Article 36
A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights
and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and
assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law.
A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct
shall begin when the legal person is established and shall end when the
legal person terminates.
Article 37
A legal person shall have the following qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
(2) possession of the necessary property or funds;
(3) possession of its own name, organization and premises; and
(4) ability to independently bear civil liability.
Article 38
In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal
person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in
exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.
Article 39
A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative
office is located.
Article 40
When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance
with the law and discontinue all other activities.
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Article 41
An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collective ownership
shall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds as
stipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization and
premises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and has
been approved and registered by the competent authority. A Chinese-
foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or
foreign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic of
China shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has the
qualifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered by
the administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with the
law.
Article 42
An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the range
approved and registered.
Article 43
An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for the
operational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel.
Article 44
If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes any
other important change, it shall register the change with the registration
authority and publicly announce it.
When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights and
obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person that
results from the change.
Article 45
An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following
reasons:
(1) if it is dissolved by law;
(2) if it is disbanded;
(3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or
(4) for other reasons.
Article 46
When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel its
registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the
termination.
Article 47
When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish a
liquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise as
legal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authority
or a people's court shall organize the organs and personnel concerned to
establish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise.
Article 48
An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage. An
enterprise under collective ownership, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property it owns. A Chinese-foreign equity joint
venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital
enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property it
owns, except as stipulated otherwise by law.
Article 49
Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal person
shall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be given
administrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes a
crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with
the law:
(1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registered
by the registration authority;
(2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities and
practising fraud;
(3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment of
debts;
(4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise is
dissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt;
(5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcement
promptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thus
causing interested persons to suffer heavy losses;
(6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interests
of the state or the public interest.
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal
Person
Article 50
An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legal
person on the day it is established.
If according to law an institution or social organization having the
qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for
registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on
the day it is established; if according to law it does need to go through
the registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person after
being approved and registered.
Section 4 Economic Association
Article 51
If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and an
institution that engage in economic association and it independently bears
civil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the new
entity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and
registered by the competent authority.
Article 52
If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in
economic association conduct joint operation but do not have the
qualifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, in
proportion to its respective contribution to the investment or according
to the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each party
owns or manages. If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement,
the parties shall assume joint liability.
Article 53
If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of an
enterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conduct
operations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations of
each party, and each party shall bear civil liability separately.

Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Article 54
A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal person
to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations.
Article 55
A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements:
(1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct;
(2) the intention expressed is genuine; and
(3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest.
Article 56
A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form. If the law
stipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall be
observed.
Article 57
A civil juristic act shall be legally binding once it is instituted. The
actor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the law
or with the other party's consent.
Article 58
Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void:
(1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct;
(2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by a
person with limited capacity for civil conduct;
(3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result of
cheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by the
other party;
(4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental to
the interest of the state, a collective or a third party;
(5) those that violate the law or the public interest;
(6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans; and
(7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts conceal
illegitimate purposes. Civil acts that are null and void shall not be
legally binding from the very beginning.
Article 59
A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration
agency to alter or rescind the following civil acts:
(1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contents
of the acts;
(2) those that are obviously unfair.
Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning.
Article 60
If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validity
of other parts.
Article 61
After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has been
rescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shall
return it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party shall
compensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of the
act; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper share
of the responsibility.
If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act that
is detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a third
party, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turned
over to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party.
Article 62
A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civil
juristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met.
Section 2 Agency
Article 63
Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents
An agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name within
the scope of the power of agency. The principal shall bear civil liability
for the agent's acts of agency. Civil juristic acts that should be
performed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or the
agreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.
Article 64
Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointed
agency. An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as
entrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power of
agency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise the
power of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit.
Article 65
A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally. If
legal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall be
effected in writing. Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, the
power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrusted
tasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall be
signed or sealed by the principal.
If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, the
principal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and the
agent shall be held jointly liable.
Article 66
The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actor
with no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or after
his power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the act
retroactively. If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bear
civil liability for it. If a principal is aware that a civil act is being
executed in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall be
deemed to have been given.
An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties and
thus causes damage to the principal.
If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests,
the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable.
If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, is
overstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired and
yet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, the
third party and the actor shall be held jointly liable.
Article 67
If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but still
carries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts are
illegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall be
held jointly liable.
Article 68
If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer the

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